Allocating under Abundance

Samenvatting

Kringloop systems are widely presented as exemplary circular business models, expected to absorb donated goods, extend product lifecycles, and prevent waste through resale and redistribution. In practice, however, many such systems are facing structural challenges. Donation volumes continue to rise while second-hand markets saturate, costs increase, and goods are increasingly refused or discarded. These developments are difficult to reconcile with dominant circular ambitions. *Part of project*: *Grondstoffencorridor Kampen Regio Deal.*